Nota - Behaviorism - Learning by Association/Imitation & Obse

Learning by Association/Imitation & Obse by Nota - Behaviorism on NotaPavlov, Ivan (1927), Conditioned Reflexes: An Investigation of the Phycological Activity of the Cerebral Cortex, London, Oxford University pressDuring his research on the physiology of digestion in dogs, Pavlov noticed that, rather than simply salivating in the presence of food (unconditioned response), the dogs began to salivate in the presence of the lab technician who normally fed them. From this observation he predicted that, if a particular stimulus in the dog’s surroundings were present when the dog was presented with food, then this stimulus would become associated with food and cause salivation on its own. In the experiment the dogs started to salivate in response to the bell (conditioned stimulus). Thus, a neutral stimulus(bell) as a result of consistent pairing with the unconditioned stimulus (food) became a conditioned stimulus. Watson, John B., Rayner, R., (1920), Conditioned emotional Reactions, Journal of Experimental Psychology, 3(1),1-14Watson reports an experiment with a 9-month old infant, Albert B. Watson ran Albert through tests to determine whether fear reactions can be called out by other stimuli such as sharp noises and the sudden removal of support. He conditioned fear of an animal (a white rat) by visually presenting it and simultaneously striking a steel bar. When a conditioned emotional response (fear) has been established for one object (white rat) he tested Albert five days later to see if there is transfer (rabbit, dog, fur coat). Results showed that directly conditioned emotional responses as well as those conditioned by transfer persist, although with a certain loss in the intensity of the reaction, for a longer period than one month. Introduction Social Learning Theory Classical Conditioning Operant ConditioningPavlov's Dogs Gets ConditionedJohn Watson - Little Albert (link to NOTA page where video works)Give me a dozen healthy infants, well-formed, and my own specified world to bring them up in and I'll guarantee to take any one at random and train him to become any type of specialist I might select – doctor, lawyer, artist, merchant-chief and, yes, even beggar-man and thief, regardless of his talents, penchants, tendencies, abilities, vocations, and race of his ancestors. I am going beyond my facts and I admit it, but so have the advocates of the contrary and they have been doing it for many thousands of years. [John Watson (1930)]Learning by Association/Imitation & ObservationIntroduction to Classical Conditioningwickedgood (Enable JavaScript in your browser, please.)